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----zW;hnxy;naa YO UN G INVINCIBLE S RACE & ETHNICITY AS A BARRIER TO OPPORTUNITY: A BLUEPRINT FOR HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY February 2017 YO UN G INVINCIBLE S Race & Ethnicity as a Barrier to Opportunity: A Blueprint for Higher Education Equity 2 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3INTRODUCTION 4 WHY ADVANCE A HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY AGENDA? 5 EQUITY MEASURES 6RACE, RACISM, AND OPPORTUNITY IN THE UNITED STATES 7 ACCESS AND AFFORDABILITY 8 PROBLEM 1 | College access has improved, but enrollment still stratified 8 SOLUTION 1A | Protect Students from Predatory Colleges (Gainful Employment Rule) 1 0 SOLUTION 1B | Improve Consumer Information 11SOLUTION 1C | Federal Guidance on Transfer Policy 1 2 PROBLEM 2 | Significant disparities in affordability 1 4 SOLUTION 2A | Modernize the Pell Grant 16SOLUTION 2B | Redesign Federal Work Study 17 SOLUTION 2C | Continue Second Chance Pell For Incarcerated Students 17 SOLUTION 2D | Explore New Protections for Undocumented Students 1 9 PROBLEM 3 | Too few qualified students apply for aid 2 0 SOLUTION 3A | Expand FAFSA outreach to communities of color 2 0 SOLUTION 3B | Simplify the FAFSA 22SOLUTION 3C | Review Financial Aid Eligibility for Drug Convictions 2 3 ATTAINMENT AND SUCCESS 2 4 PROBLEM 4 | Attainment/success gap has grown unacceptably wide 2 4 SOLUTION 4A | Invest in affordable campus-based child care 2 5 SOLUTION 4B | Improve Pell Grant flexibility 2 5 SOLUTION 4C | Align financial aid and public benefits 2 6 SOLUTION 4D | Invest in Assessment Infrastructure at Minority Serving Institutions 2 6 SOLUTION 4E | Hold Institutions Accountable for Student Success 2 8 SOLUTION 4F | Further Evaluate Student Support Services, Scale what works 28REPAYMENT AND OTHER OUTCOMES 2 9 PROBLEM 5 | Disparities in repayment 2 9 SOLUTION 5A | Simplify Repayment Plans 3 0 SOLUTION 5B | Redesign Repayment Interfaces 3 1 SOLUTION 5C | Improve data collection and use 3 1 CONCLUSION 33 YO UN G INVINCIBLE S Race & Ethnicity as a Barrier to Opportunity: A Blueprint for Higher Education Equity 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to thank the dozens of students around the country who shared their experiences navigating our higher education system whose stories inspired this work. This report is dedicated to them and the millions of low-income and underrepresented minority students striving to better themselves through education. We would also like to thank our Advisory Committee whose expertise and thoughtful feedback were vital to this paper's success: The Education Trust, Excelencia in Education, Katherine Wheatle, David Johns, and Beatrice Ohene- Okae. We are especially grateful to the Lumina Foundation for their generous support funding this work. YO UN G INVINCIBLE S Race & Ethnicity as a Barrier to Opportunity: A Blueprint for Higher Education Equity 4 INTRODUCTION The United States is in the midst of one of the most significant demographic shifts in the history of the country. Already, America's young adults are the largest and most diverse generation ever. Among the 75 million Millennials, about 40 percent are people of color—African Americans, Latinx 1 individuals, Native Americans, and Asian & Pacific Islanders—significant growth from the previous generation. 2 , 3 The country is on track to be a majority-minority nation in just three decades. 4 Simply put, people of color will become the new majority in educational and workforce settings during our lifetime. At the same time, our country is plagued by deep and persistent inequities by race and ethnicity from classrooms to board - rooms. According to federal reports, our K-12 public school system is increasingly racially segregated, with schools with high concentrations of black and Hispanic schools offering "disproportionately fewer math, science, and college pre - paratory courses and had disproportionately higher rates of students who were held back in 9th grade, suspended, or expelled." 5 On the other end of the spectrum, of the Forbes 500 Companies, only five CEO's are African American. 6 These gaps are bad for communities of color and the country's success and prosperity. 7 The country will thus soon depend on the very people who have been often left behind, to move it forward. In addition to the moral imperative, the country cannot resolve its desire to remain a global powerhouse without strategies to ensure that people from communities of color are upwardly mobile and have a real shot at the Ameri - can Dream. One of the most important investments we can make in our future is to ensure that access to education, including a postsecondary education, is high quality, accessible, and affordable for everyone. We know that education alone won't fix inequality or close gaps, but increased education attainment for communities of color can improve income and economic security. 8 This will require a commitment to equity-focused solutions that will close gaps from individual families, communities, state governments, and the federal government. This paper explores racial and ethnic disparities in higher education and proposes a package of equity-focused federal policy solutions that can help close gaps moving forward. We identify a set of measures—informed by a series of conversations with young people across the country—of higher education equity with the goal of highlighting gaps between racial and ethnic groups along three categories: college access and affordability, attainment and success, and repayment and post-collegiate outcomes. We then offer equity-focused solutions that will contribute to closing gaps over time. We keep those often left behind—low-income communities of color—at the center of our analysis of 1 Latinx (pronounced "La-TEEN-ex") is a gender-inclusive way of referring to people of Latin American descent. 2 Paul Taylor, Millennials in Adulthood, (Washington DC: Pew Research Center, 2014), 6, http://www.pewsocialtrends. org/2014/03/07/millennials-in-adulthood/. 3 Richard Fry, Millennials Overtake Baby Boomers As America's Largest Generation, Pew Research Center, April 25, 2016, http://www. pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/04/25/millennials-overtake-baby-boomers/. 4 William Frey, Diversity Defines the Millennial Generation, Brookings, June 28, 2016, https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-ave- nue/2016/06/28/diversity-defines-the-millennial-generation/. 5 Government Accountability Office, Better Use of Information Could Help Agencies Identify Disparities and Address Racial Discrimi - nation, (Washington D.C.: 2016), http://www.gao.gov/assets/680/676745.pdf, 2. 6 Gregory Wallace, "Only 5 black CEOs at 500 biggest companies", CNN Money, http://money.cnn.com/2015/01/29/news/econo- my/mcdonalds-ceo-diversity/. 7 PolicyLink, "Data to Build an Equitable Economy," (Oakland, CA: 2016), accessed December 15, 2016, http://nationalequityatlas.org/ data-summaries. 8 Amy Traub et al., The Asset Value of Whiteness: Understanding the Racial Wealth Gap, (Washington, DC: Demos, February 6, 2017), http://www.demos.org/sites/default/files/publications/Asset%20Value%20of%20Whiteness_0.pdf . YO UN G INVINCIBLE S Race & Ethnicity as a Barrier to Opportunity: A Blueprint for Higher Education Equity 5 postsecondary education inequities in order to examine racial and ethnic gaps. While focused on low-income students of color, many of the solutions we offer will help all students. WHY ADVANCE A HIGHER EDUCATION EQUITY AGENDA? Higher education is an essential component of the American ideals of equality and opportunity. Colleges and universities and their graduates have shaped our democracy and ability to remain a global economic powerhouse. In addition to the wider societal benefits of postsecondary education, participation in higher edu - cation improves individual social capital and mobility. Today more than ever, college graduates earn more over a lifetime, tend to be more civically engaged, and are able to contribute to their fami - ly's intergenerational wealth in ways that are less likely without a college education. 9 America needs an equity agenda for higher education because closing gaps between groups is both a moral and econom - ic issue. Systemic barriers, such as uneven access to resources and discrimination, make it more difficult for people of color to achieve the American Dream on a daily basis including attending college and earning a degree. At its core then, an equity agenda for higher education should be focused on the goal of improv - ing the outcomes for students from communities of color, and ensuring that the color of one's skin or where a student grows up does not dictate future opportunity or success 10 . It also should acknowledge that students enter postsecondary education with different needs and that targeting resources can improve out - comes. Despite being the most educated generation, not all young adults have benefited equally from the gains experienced during a pe - riod of expanded access to postsecondary education. People from communities of color are especially impacted by insufficient public policy and institutional practice that have yet to level the playing field. 9 Jennifer Ma, Matea Pender, and Meredith Welch, Education Pays 2016, (New York, NY: College Board, 2016), 3-4, https://trends. collegeboard.org/sites/default/files/education-pays-2016-full-report.pdf . 10 The Higher Education Act (HEA) is due for reauthorization and contains many provisions critical for supporting disadvantaged stu - dents in higher education. It is the major federal piece of legislation that many of the proposals we make in this paper can be carried out. EQUITY AND EQUALITY DEFINED Before launching into our examination of inequities in higher education, it is important that we define equity and differentiate it from equality. For our purposes, equity is about fairness; advancing it ensures that each person gets what he or she needs for a fair chance of success. Often confused with equity, equality is actually about sameness and making sure that each person gets the same thing. In this paper, our goal is to focus on solutions that advance equity because we acknowledge that some students come with significant disadvantages and thus require more resources to have a shot at success. In particular, communities of color face numerous opportunity gaps that translate into serious inequities in their college completion and postgraduate experiences, gaps that equity-focused policy solutions can close. STORIES FROM THE GROUND Conversations with young people across the country were critical as we framed this paper and developed the equity measures. Out of a series of roundtables, we heard numerous stories from students who have serious concerns about college affordability and questions about whether policies are reflective of the changing demographics happening on college campuses. https://younginvincibles.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Higher-Education-Equity.pdf
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