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----pC;ooul;wcf isbn 978-92-64-23074-3 91 2015 09 1 P Reviews of n ati onal Policies for Education Education in i ndon esia Rising to th E Ch all E ng E Having made impressive progress in widening access to basic education, Indonesia must now consolidate these gains and develop an education system to support the needs of t he economy in its transition towards high-income status. This report highlights three main policy directions which, pursued together, would help Indonesia advance on the p ath towards stronger growth and more inclusive and sustainable development. The fi rst priority is to raise the quality of education and ensure that all learners acquire the s kills they need to succeed in life and work. The second goal is to widen participation, requiring a concerted effort to improve access for disadvantaged groups and expand provision beyond the basic level. The final challenge is to increase efficiency, with a more data - dr iven approach to resource allocation, better tailoring of provision to local needs, and stronger performance management. This report was financed by a grant provided by the Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership, a facility supported by the Government of Indonesia, the Government of Australia, through Australian Aid, the European Union (EU) and the Asian Development Bank. Additional in-kind support was provided by the Care Inspectorate, Scotland and the Is lamic Development Bank (IDB). Contents Executive summary Assessment and recommendations Chapter 1. The Indonesian education system in context Part 1. Education sub-sector opportunities and challenges Chapter 2. Early childhood education in Indonesia Chapter 3. Basic education in Indonesia Chapter 4. Senior secondary education in Indonesia Chapter 5. Initial vocational education and training in Indonesia Chapter 6. Tertiary education in Indonesia Part i i . C ross-cutting opportunities and challenges Chapter 7. Education for life, work and further learning in Indonesia Chapter 8. Teaching and educational leadership in Indonesia Chapter 9. Appropriate educational assessment in Indonesia Education in i ndonesia Rising to th E C hall E ng E Reviews of n ational Policies for Education 9HSTCQE*cdahed+ Reviews of n at ional Policies for Education Education in i ndon esia Rising to th E Ch all E ng E Consult this publication on line at http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264230750-en. This work is published on the OECD iLibrary, which gathers all OECD books, periodicals and statistical databases. Visit www.oecd-ilibrary.org for more information. Reviews of National Policies for Education Education in Indonesia RISING TO THE CHALLENGE This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of OECD member countries or those of ADB or its Board of Directors or the governments they represent. This document and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. The names of countries and territories used in this joint publication follow the practice of the OECD. ADB recognizes "Korea", "South Korea", or "Korea, Rep." as the Republic of Korea. ISBN 978-92-64-23074-3 (print) ISBN 978-92-64-23075-0 (PDF) Series: Reviews of National Policies for Education ISSN 1563-4914 (print) ISSN 1990-0198 (online) The statistical data for Israel are supplied by and under the responsibility of the relevant Israeli authorities. The use of such data by the OECD is without prejudice to the status of the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank under the terms of international law. Photo credits: Cover © Anton Andronov/Fotolia.com. Corrigenda to OECD publications may be found on line at: www.oecd.org/about/publishing/corrigenda.htm. © OECD/ADB 2015 This work is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 IGO license (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/igo/deed.en , you are free to copy and redistribute the material, provided the use is for non-commercial purposes, under the following conditions: Attribution - Please cite the work as follows: OECD, ADB (2015), Education in Indonesia: Rising to the Challenge, OECD Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264230750-en . Creative Commons Attribution CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IGO.Third-party content - The OECD or the ADB do not necessarily own each component of the content contained within the work. Therefore, neither the OECD, nor the ADB warrant that the use of any third-party owned individual component or part contained in the work will not infringe on the rights of those third parties. The risk of claims resulting from such infringement rests solely with you. If you wish to re-use a component of the work, it is your responsibility to determine whether permission is needed for that re-use and to obtain permission from the copyright owner. Examples of components can include, but are not limited to, tables, figures, or images. All requests for commercial use or queries on rights and licenses should be addressed to OECD e-mail: rights@oecd.org Please cite this publication as: OECD/Asian Development Bank (2015), Education in Indonesia: Rising to the Challenge , OECD Publishing, Paris. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264230750-en REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN INDONESIA – RISING TO THE CHALLENGE © OECD/ADB 2015 FOREWORD – 3 Foreword Indonesia is one of the major economies of Southeast Asia and the government has set itself ambitious goals for its social and economic development, for which human capital development is crucial. Despite great regional divergences which limit access to quality education for many, Indonesia has made impressive progress on many fronts in the education sector since the 1997-98 Asian crisis such as coverage of basic education. Many challenges remain including expanding enrolment in secondary and tertiary education, increasing quality and relevance and making governance and finance more responsive. This report covers the full range of education from early childhood through to tertiary education, including aspects of non-formal education, across both the system of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Islamic system of the Ministry of Religious Affairs. It uses information from the Country Background Report prepared by the Education Sector Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership (ACDP) at the request of the Indonesian authorities, as well as information supplied in the course of site visits to Jakarta, East Kalimantan, South Sulawesi, South Sumatra and West Java. This review offers an in-depth study and recommendations on the structure and scale of provision, student access and inclusion, student progression, teaching and learning, standards and accreditation, financing, and governance of the pre-primary, basic, secondary, vocational and higher education sectors. Other recommendations cover assessment, education and skills formation and the changing labour market, relevance, the transition from education to work, and adult learning. This review of education policy was undertaken within the framework of the programme of work of the OECD Directorate for Education and Skills. Grant financing for the review was provided by the Analytical and Capacity Development Partnership, a facility supported by the Government of Indonesia, the Government of Australia, through Australian Aid, the European Union (EU) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Additional in-kind support was provided by the Care Inspectorate, Scotland and the Islamic Development Bank (IDB). 412014042_003-332.indb 3 3/13/2015 6:27:49 PM REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN INDONESIA – RISING TO THE CHALLENGE © OECD/ADB 2015 4 – FOREWORD The team leaders were: Ian Whitman (OECD), former Head of the OECD Programme with Non-Member Economies and Yuri Belfali, Senior Analyst, Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD. Review team members were: Michael Gallagher (Australia), Rapporteur, Executive Director of the Group of Eight Universities in Australia; Abdimajid Moalin Abdullahi, Human Development Department, Islamic Development Bank; Angela Arnott (South Africa), Team Leader of Working Group on Education Management and Policy Support, Association for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA); Annette Bruton (Scotland), Chief Executive, Care Inspectorate, Dundee, and former Chief Inspector of Education; Eduardo Cascallar (USA), Managing Director for Assessment Group International, and Guest Professor, Catholic University of Leuven; Mary Chamberlain (New Zealand), Consultant, Evaluation Associates, Auckland, former senior manager for curriculum and assessment, Ministry of Education; Torben Kornbech Rasmussen (Denmark), Educational Consultant, former Director for Higher Education, Ministry of Education, Copenhagen and former Chair, Education Policy Committee, OECD; Maria Slowey (Ireland), Director of Higher Education Research and Development, and former Vice President, Dublin City University; and, El iza beth Fordham, Senior Analyst for Global Relations, Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD. The team was assisted in Indonesia by Alan Prouty, John Virtue and Devi Suryani (ACDP) and by Louise Binns and Rachel Linden (OECD). The team would like to acknowledge the invaluable support and guidance provided by Mohammad Nuh, former Minister of Education and Culture; Ainun Na'im, Secretary General of the Ministry of Education and Culture; Taufik Hanafi, Minister's Advisor for Social and Economics of Education; and, Ananto Kusuma Seta, Head of the Bureau for Planning and International Affairs of the Ministry of Education and Culture. The team also wishes every success to Minister Anies Baswedan and his team for the implementation of the recommendations and providing the best education possible for all Indonesians. This volume is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. Andreas Schleicher Director for Education and Skills OECD 412014042_003-332.indb 4 3/13/2015 6:27:49 PM REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN INDONESIA – RISING TO THE CHALLENGE © OECD/ADB 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 5 Table of contents List of acronyms 23 Chapter 1. The Indonesian education system in context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Indonesia in the world ............................................ 52 Historical trajectory ............................................. 53 Government .................................................... 55 Population composition, distribution and growth ....................... 56 Human development ............................................. 58 Economy ...................................................... 60 Labour market .................................................. 64 Development future .............................................. 65 Education system ............................................... 69 Part A Education sub-sector opportunities and challenges Chapter 2. Early childhood education in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Specific contextual factors ........................................ 84 Structure and scale of provision .................................... 85 Student access and inclusion ....................................... 86 Student progression .............................................. 90 Teaching and learning ............................................ 91 Standards and accreditation ....................................... 91 Financing ...................................................... 92 Governance .................................................... 93 412014042_003-332.indb 5 3/13/2015 6:27:49 PM REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN INDONESIA – RISING TO THE CHALLENGE © OECD/ADB 2015 6 – TABLE OF CONTENTS Issues and options ............................................... 93 Observations and recommendations ................................. 94 Recommendations ............................................... 95 Chapter 3. Basic education in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Specific contextual factors ........................................ 102 Structure and scale of provision .................................... 102 Student access and inclusion ....................................... 105 Student progression .............................................. 108 Teaching and learning ............................................ 111 Standards and accreditation ....................................... 114 Financing ...................................................... 115 Observations and recommendations ................................. 122 Recommendations ............................................... 124 Chapter 4. Senior secondary education in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Specific contextual factors ........................................ 132 Structure and scale of provision .................................... 132 Student access and inclusion ....................................... 135 Student progression .............................................. 138 Teaching and learning ............................................ 139 Standards and accreditation ....................................... 142 Financing ...................................................... 143 Governance and quality assurance .................................. 149 Observations and recommendations ................................. 150 Recommendations ............................................... 151 Chapter 5. Initial vocational education and training in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . 155 Specific contextual factors ........................................ 156 Structure and scale of provision .................................... 157 Student access and inclusion ....................................... 160 Student progression .............................................. 163 Teaching and learning ............................................ 16 4 Standards and accreditation ........................................ 168 Financing ...................................................... 168 Governance .................................................... 174 Observations and recommendations ................................. 174 Recommendations ............................................... 176 Chapter 6. Tertiary education in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Specific contextual factors ........................................ 184 Structure and scale of provision .................................... 185 412014042_003-332.indb 6 3/13/2015 6:27:49 PM REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN INDONESIA – RISING TO THE CHALLENGE © OECD/ADB 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS – 7 Student access and inclusion ....................................... 191 Student progression .............................................. 194 Teaching and learning ............................................ 195 Standards and accreditation ....................................... 203 Financing ...................................................... 205 Governance .................................................... 211 Observations and recommendations ................................. 213 Recommendations ............................................... 215 Part B Cross-cutting opportunities and challenges Chapter 7. Education for life, work and further learning in Indonesia ..... 225 The dual structure of the Indonesian economy ......................... 226 Education and skills formation and the changing labour market ........... 230 Labour market absorption of school leavers and graduates of tertiary education ........................................... . 2 32 Employer views about the relevance of schooling and the employability of graduates .................................................. 233 Improving transitions from education to work ......................... 237 Adult learning .................................................. 238 The challenges of a lifelong learning approach ......................... 242 Literacy programmes for adults ..................................... 246 Observations and recommendations ................................. 254 Recommendations ............................................... 255 Chapter 8. Teaching and educational leadership in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 The importance of teachers and leaders .............................. 262 Pre-service teacher education ...................................... 264 The accreditation of teachers ...................................... 267 Implications of the 2013 curriculum ................................. 268 The allocation of teachers ......................................... 271 Financing teacher costs ........................................... 272 The utilisation of teachers ......................................... 275 Teacher performance management .................................. 277 Continuing professional development of teachers and leaders ............. 278 Qualifications of higher education personnel .......................... 283 Qualifications of vocational education and training personnel ............ 286 Observations and recommendations ................................. 287 Recommendations ............................................... 288 412014042_003-332.indb 7 3/13/2015 6:27:49 PM REVIEWS OF NATIONAL POLICIES FOR EDUCATION: EDUCATION IN INDONESIA – RISING TO THE CHALLENGE © OECD/ADB 2015 8 – TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 9. Appropriate educational assessment in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 The various purposes and forms of educational assessment .............. 294 The elements of a coherent national assessment framework .............. 295 The assessment of student learning in Indonesia ....................... 310 Observations and recommendations ................................. 320 Recommendations ............................................... 325 Figures Figure 1.1. In donesian population by ethnicity ........................ 56 Figure 2.1. Th e gap between supply and demand in early childhood education, Indonesia, 2013 ............................... 87 Figure 2.2. Gros s enrolment ratio in pre-primary education, by gender, Indonesia, 2004-12 ............................ 88 Figure 2.3. Sc hool attendance of pre-primary age children by socio-economic quintile, Indonesia, 2011 ................. 89 Figure 3.1. Gro wth of student enrolments/numbers of teachers, primary and junior secondary, 2004/05-2012/13 .............. 104 Figure 3.2. To tal net enrolment rate in primary and lower secondary schools, 2012 or latest year available ....................... 106 Figure 3.3. Pr imary out-of-school rate by per capita expenditure (PCE) quintiles ............................................. 109 Figure 3.4. Pe rcentage of children dropping out ....................... 110 Figure 3.5. Re lationship of minimum service standards to National Education Standards ................................... 115 Figure 4.1. Ge nder parity indices in senior secondary schooling .......... 136 Figure 5.1. Gros s enrolment rate of senior secondary learners 2005/06 to 2011/12 ............................................ 159 Figure 5.2. En rolment in SMKs as a percentage of total senior secondary enrolment, by province (2013) .............. 161 Figure 5.3. Ma in weaknesses of SMKs as perceived by employees ......... 166 Figure 6.1. Map o f government plans for institutional expansion .......... 190 Figure 6.2. Gros s enrolment rates across provinces, 2011/12 .............. 194 Figure 6.3. Re search and development expenditures in ASEAN countries, 2002 and latest available years ............................ 198 Figure 6.4. Dis tribution of researchers in the higher education sector by field of science, 2011 (or most recent year available) ... 201 Figure 6.5. Pub lic and private spending on tertiary education as percentage of total GDP ...................... 207 Figure 6 .6. So urce of financing of tertiary education ................... 207 Figure 6.7. Hi gher education budget by directorate and source of financing ........................................... 208 Figure 6.8. St udent financial aid as a share of total public financing of tertiary education ...................... 211 412014042_003-332.indb 8 3/13/2015 6:27:49 PM https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/156821/education-indonesia-rising-challenge
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